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Today's detectors allow scientists to observe cosmic particles with energies surpassing those obtained in particle accelerators, making of the universe a new laboratory for particle physicists.

We are finding that we are beginning to constrain some of our understandings and exclude some possibilities.

"I felt that it was time to return, now that Portugal was changing and giving us much better conditions, [and] that we should contribute to the development of the country," says Bruno Silva-Santos.

"We are focusing on people who have established that they are already very good scientists and are about to start or at the beginning of an independent career." --Fotis Kafatos, European Research Council President.

"I thought, if these people are saying they can go to these places, maybe I can too." -- Lawrence Williams

"Those who succeed are well-grounded people who have seen success and believe they can do it too. They are not the type of people who worry too much or are easily intimidated," says Virginia Tech professor Michael Hochella.

Jones believes that senior scientists have "lost a sense of accountability to the next generation insofar as all of our interests in them are self interests ... so that
our career can get advanced but not necessarily
their career."

The minister's aim is to create an employment structure in the universities with a much larger base of younger, early-career scientists.

When it comes to accepting electronic applications, the agency is in no hurry to leave the FastLane.

"For miles and miles, everything looks, feels, and smells pure and uncontaminated," says Sasha Tozzi, a Ph.D. student working in Antarctica's Ross Sea.

Gonçalo Vieira set up a Portuguese IPY committee made up of 10 Portuguese biologists and geophysicists who together are leading Portugal's new polar research effort.

Starting the conference well-prepared and maintaining a proper balance between presentations and coffee breaks can make your conference experience a source of inspiration.

"I feel confident that my ideas are good enough to go up against the rest of the world, but the question is, can I generate enough preliminary data fast enough?
- Emmanuel Chang"

"I produce 10 data points that completely undermine what everybody thinks they know about the archaeological record here. It was really important and really interesting, and almost nobody believed me." -Joan Brenner Coltrain

You increase the chances of your paper being accepted if you make the assumption that the reviewers are offering their suggestions as constructive criticism.

Writing well comes from writing a lot, so get comfy with your computer.

"The novice writer makes a big mistake in blaming language knowledge for everything," says Mary Ellen Kerans, chair of the Mediterranean Editors and Translators association in Barcelona, Spain.

“Reduced economic opportunities in some fields relative to others … may be an important factor driving native students to enter particular occupations and avoid others.” --George Borjas